It has a standard female microphone thread, and is attached to a rim-mount microphone clip. Some simple circuitry connects the laser and receiver to a ⅛ inch female jack. The microphone consists of a 3D printed frame with holes for the laser and receiver that sit parallel to the drumhead. This design consists of two main components: the microphone and the tuning circuit. When used around the drum, it will be easy to find an equilibrium throughout each tuning position. The system will use a reflected laser to quantify the vibrations of the drum head. The objective of this project is to create a device that limits these problems in an easy to use package. Percussionists often have to tune their drums, which can be an arduous task and requires a lot of experience to achieve a consistent pitch all the way around the drum. This can be used to take the frequency presented by the microphone, and turn it into a letter note that is more conducive for tuning instruments. Every 100 cents is a semitone away from this pitch, so it is easy to calculate the pitch (Hall, n.d.). From here, the musical notation is relative to A = 440 Hz. In this case, if we know that A = 440 Hz, pitch is logarithmic, and the unit used is cents (1/100 of a semitone), the equation becomes: log(1/1200)(f/440). To find the pitch using musical notation, a constant is required. The frequency of a sound wave determines the pitch of the sound wave. When combined, these components functioned to send power through to the photoresistor, return a signal, then amplify and clean the signal to be interpreted by the arduino. My circuit was based on four main subcircuits: the voltage divider, the non-inverting amplifier, the DC offset, and the low-pass filter. This principle is essential for deciding what components to use in a circuit. It states that voltage, (V / volts) is equal to current (I / amps) multiplied by resistance (R / ohms) V = I x R (Hooge, 2016). Ohm’s law is an important fundamental tool for working with electronics. Using electronic components, the movement can be converted into a signal that an arduino microcontroller, the device used to find the frequency of the signal, can understand. The photoresistor can quantify this movement of the laser. As a result, if the surface moves, the angle relative to the surface moves, and therefore the reflected beam will also move. According to the law of reflection, the angle that light strikes a surface is the same angle at which the light is reflected (Fitzpatrick, 2007). The light from the laser was reflected off of the drumhead and onto the photoresistor. To measure this vibration, a laser and a photoresistor were used. Thus, if we can measure how fast the head is vibrating, we can measure the pitch it produces. Therefore, the faster the drumhead vibrates, the faster the pressure zones are created, and the higher the pitch of the drum. The pitch describes how quickly these areas of differing pressures occur. As they vibrate, they create areas of high and low pressure, known as compression and rarefaction, respectively (Diamantini, 2003). The rate that drums vibrate is directly related to their pitch. The physics of reflection describes how the signal is created, circuit design describes how the signal is prepared, and the relationship between pitch and frequency describes how the prepared signal is processed into useful data. There were three important concepts to understand when developing this project the physics of sound and reflection, circuit design, and the relationship between pitch and frequency. This system can also be used to know the pitch of the drum as a whole, giving musicians the utility to quickly and accurately change the notes of the drums. As a result, I have designed a system that can detect the localized pitch of the drumhead, allowing the user to be confident that every part of the drumhead is at the same pitch. Even though pitch is integral to the cohesion of the music, there are no commercially available methods of pitch detection that can satisfy all three of these contexts. The pitch of a drum is important for keeping the drum in tune with itself and other drums, and, in the case of variable pitch drums such as timpani, staying in tune with the rest of the ensemble. However, pitch is just as important as any other component of percussive music. When we think of drums, pitch is rarely a dimension that is emphasized.
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